"I suspect," says one biologist, "we are not those innovators who believe that we are, we're just a copycat" .1 In many cases the inventors human merely repeat what plants and animals are already thousands of years. The idea of \u200b\u200bcopying by living creatures is so widespread that it has been given a name: bionics.
2 According to a scientist, praticamente tutti i settori fondamentali della tecnologia umana “sono stati ideati e sfruttati da creature viventi . . . prima che la mente umana imparasse a comprenderne le funzioni e a farle proprie”. E aggiunge: “In molti campi la tecnologia umana è ancora molto indietro rispetto alla natura”.2
3 Mentre riflettete sulle complesse capacità che gli inventori umani hanno cercato di copiare da creature viventi, vi sembra ragionevole credere che si siano sviluppate per puro caso e che ciò sia successo non una volta sola, ma molte volte, in creature indipendenti l’una dall’altra? L’esperienza non ci insegna forse che strutture così complesse possono solo essere opera di un brillante designer? Do you really think that the case could make things easier to copy the following as it took men of great genius? Keep in mind these questions as you review the following examples:
4 AIR CONDITIONING. Modern technology makes it possible to cool the air in many homes. But the termites were already doing so long ago, and still do. Their nest is located in the center of a large mound. From there, the warm air rises, entering into a network of air ducts near the surface. Here the foul air escapes through the porous walls, and fresh air seeps in and down in an air chamber located at base of the mound, where it enters the circulation in the nest. Some mounds are fitted at the base of openings to allow fresh air to enter, and when it's hot outside, the underground water to evaporate, thus cooling the air. How to make millions of blind worker termites to coordinate their efforts to build structures so ingeniously designed? A biologist says, "The simple fact that what appears to manifest a collective intelligence is a mystery" .3
5 aircraft. To the design of airplane wings has contributed over the years the study of the wings of birds. In the latter, the curvature of the wing provides the lift required to overcome the forza di gravità. Ma se l’inclinazione dell’ala è eccessiva, c’è il pericolo di andare in stallo. Per evitare lo stallo, le ali degli uccelli sono dotate sul bordo anteriore di una serie di penne che, man mano che l’inclinazione dell’ala aumenta, si sollevano fungendo da ipersostentatori (1, 2). Queste penne mantengono la portanza impedendo alla corrente d’aria principale di distaccarsi dalla superficie alare.
6 Un altro dispositivo che permette di tenere sotto controllo la turbolenza e di evitare lo stallo è l’àlula (3), un ciuffo di penne che l’uccello può sollevare come un pollice.
7 Alla punta delle ali sia degli uccelli che degli aeroplani vortices are produced that generate resistance. Birds reduce the problem in two ways. Some, like the swallows, and albatrosses, have long slender wings that end with a fine point, conformation that eliminates most of the vortices. Others, such as large hawks and vultures, have large wings that generate large eddies, but avoid the problem spreading, as if they were fingers, pens flight feathers at the end of the wings. The extremely compact transform into numerous thin spikes that reduce turbulence and resistance (4). 8
aeronautical engineers have adopted many of these devices. The curvature of the wings helps lift. Various devices are used to control flaps and protrusions la corrente d’aria o fungono da elementi frenanti. Per ridurre la resistenza alle estremità delle ali, alcuni aeromobili di piccole dimensioni sono dotati di placche perpendicolari al piano dell’ala. Comunque, le ali degli aeroplani non raggiungono ancora la perfezione tecnica di quelle degli uccelli.
9 ANTIGELO. Gli uomini usano il glicol etilenico come liquido antigelo per i radiatori delle automobili. Ma certe piante microscopiche dei laghi antartici usano, per non gelare, una sostanza chimicamente simile, la glicerina. Essa è presente anche in certi insetti che sopravvivono a temperature di 20° sotto zero. Ci sono pesci che producono il proprio antigelo, riuscendo così a sopravvivere nelle gelide acque dell’Antartide. Some trees can withstand temperatures of 40 degrees below zero because they contain "pure water, free of dirt and dust particles on which ice crystals can form" .4
10 RESPIRAZIO NE UNDERWATER. Eliciting self-contained, divers can stay underwater for up to one hour. Some beetles dippers do more easily and can stay underwater longer. Grab a bubble and dive. The bubble acts as a buffer. It takes the carbon dioxide of the beetle and disperses in the water, from which in turn absorbs the oxygen is used by the beetle.
11 WATCHES. Long before humans invented the sundial, living organisms were equipped with clocks that can accurately calculate the time. When there is low tide, some microscopic plants, diatoms, come to the surface in the wet sand. When high tide arrives, the diatoms disappear again under the sand. Yet, in the laboratory without the flow and ebb of the sea, their watches continue to make it go up and down in the sand in sync with the tides. During low tide, some crabs of the genus Uca take on a darker color and they come out, while at high tide summarize a lighter color and retreat into their holes. Observed in the laboratory, away from the ocean, continue to change color sincronia con l’alternarsi delle maree. Gli uccelli possono orientarsi col sole e con le stelle, che col passar del tempo cambiano posizione. Per compensare questi spostamenti devono possedere un orologio interno. (Geremia 8:7) Dalle piante microscopiche all’uomo, esistono milioni di orologi interni.
12 BUSSOLE. Verso il XIII secolo E.V. l’uomo cominciò a usare come rudimentale bussola un ago magnetico galleggiante in una scodella d’acqua. Ma non era nulla di nuovo. Ci sono batteri che contengono filamenti di particelle di magnetite delle dimensioni sufficienti a formare una bussola. Se ne servono per raggiungere il loro ambiente preferito. La presenza di magnetite è stata accertata in molti altri organismi, come uccelli, api, farfalle, delfini e molluschi. Esperimenti indicano che i piccioni viaggiatori possono ritrovare la via di casa percependo il campo magnetico della terra. Oggi è opinione comune che uno dei modi in cui gli uccelli migratori ritrovano la strada è grazie a bussole magnetiche contenute nella loro testa.
13 DISSALAZIONE. L’uomo costruisce enormi stabilimenti per dissalare l’acqua di mare. Le mangrovie hanno radici che assorbono l’acqua di mare, filtrandola attraverso membrane che eliminano il sale. Una mangrovia, l’Avicennia, elimina il sale in eccesso tramite ghiandole situate sotto le foglie. Uccelli marini, come i gabbiani, i pellicani, i cormorani, gli albatri e le procellarie, bevono l’acqua di mare and, by glands contained in their heads, eliminate excess salt from the blood. Even the penguins, sea turtles and marine iguanas drink sea water, then remove the excess salts. ELECTRICITY À
14. There are about 500 varieties of fishes have batteries that produce electricity. The electric catfish of Africa up to 350 volts. The giant North Atlantic torpedo emits bursts of 50 amps at 60 volts. It was found that the South American electric eel shocks can emit 886 times as much. According to a chemical "known eleven different families of fish including species with electric organs" .5
15 AGRICOLTURA. Da secoli l’uomo coltiva il suolo e alleva bestiame. Ma molto prima di lui, le formiche tagliafoglie facevano le orticultrici. Coltivavano funghi a scopo alimentare in una composta formata da foglie e dai loro residui organici. Alcune formiche allevano afidi da cui mungono una secrezione zuccherina e addirittura costruiscono stalle per ospitarli. Le formiche mietitrici accumulano semi in granai sotterranei. (Proverbi 6:6-8) Un coleottero pota le mimose. Certi roditori, come l’ocotona e la marmotta, tagliano il fieno, lo fanno seccare e lo mettono da parte.
16 INCUBATRICI. L’uomo costruisce incubatrici per far schiudere le uova, ma sotto questo aspetto è l’ultimo arrived. Sea turtles and some birds lay their eggs in the warm sand. Other birds to lay in the hot volcanic ash. Sometimes alligators cover their eggs in plant debris decomposition that generates heat. But the real expert in this regard is the Australian pheasant. The male digs a big hole, fills it with plant debris and covered with sand. The vegetation, fermenting, warm combination, in which the female lays one egg a week for six months, during all this time the male controls the temperature by inserting their beaks into the aggregate. By adding or removing sand, this bird maintains a stable temperature of 33 ° C incubator, and the outdoor temperature is very hot or falls below zero.
17 AND JET PROPULSION. Today air travel is usually to make jet aircraft. Many animals, for millennia, they use a system of jet propulsion. Both octopus squid excel in this respect. Suck the water into a special compartment, after which, with their powerful muscles, expelling, projecting forward. Of jet propulsion perligeno also use the nautilus, scallops, jelly fish, dragonfly larvae and even elements of the oceanic plankton.
18 LIGHTS. Thomas Edison is credited with inventing the light bulb. The efficiency of the bulb is not very high because of the energy is lost as heat. The fireflies are better when they turn on the flashing lights. Producing cold light, without loss of energy. Many sponges, fungi, bacteria and worms are luminescent. Some caterpillars look like miniature trains, as they move through their "front light" red, and their 11 pairs of "windows" white or pale green. There are many fish that glow, a toad fish of the deep, the fish lantern, ax silver and various other species. Millions of micro-organisms that live in the oceans on the surface light and sparkle.
19 cards. The Egyptians making thousands of years ago. Nevertheless, they were far behind the wasps and hornets. These workers winged chew on old wood and produce an off-white paper with which to build the nest. Some wasps hang large spherical nests to trees. The outer shell is made of many layers of cardboard, separated by tubes. This ensures the nest thermal insulation equal to that of a brick wall more than 40 cm thick.
20 rotary engine. Microscopic bacteria preceded the man thousands of years in the construction of a rotary engine. A bacterium has a twisted filamentous extensions that form a rigid spiral like a corkscrew. The bacterium moves forward by rotating the spiral as the propeller of a ship. It can even run the motor in reverse! But no one knows how this device works. According to one study, the bacteria can reach speeds equivalent to about 50 mph, and it says that "nature, in effect, had invented the wheel" .6 One researcher concluded: "One of the most amazing biological concepts came true: Nature has truly produced a rotary engine, complete with couplings, shaft, bearings and transmission ".7
21 SONAR. The sonar of bats and dolphins than human imitations. In a darkened room, filled with fine threads view in every direction, the bats can fly without ever touching the wires. I their ultrasonic signals are reflected from objects, and bats are dell'ecolocazione to avoid them. Porpoises and other cetaceans do the same thing in water. The guàciari, birds that nest in dark caves, they use echolocation to get in and out, emitting sharp, piercing shrieks.
22 SOMMERGIBI \u200b\u200bLI. Many submarines existed before man invented them. Radiolarians contain tiny drops of oil in the protoplasm which vary with their weight, moving it up and down in the sea. Many fish regulate their buoyancy entering or expelling gas in the swim bladder. Inside the shell, the nautilus has perligeno tanks floating: they change in the water / gas, the nautilus adjusts its depth. The cuttlefish has a porous bone (corresponding to an internal calcareous shell). To adjust its buoyancy, this clam pump out water from its skeleton and let the porous structure is filled with gas. Thus the pores of cuttlefish bone function as the "ballast" of submarines.
23 THERMOMETERS. From the seventeenth century man has devised thermometers, but these are rudimentary in comparison with some found in nature. The antennae of a mosquito can detect a temperature change of two thousandths of a degree centigrade. A rattlesnake has the head sensors with which experiences a variation of a thousandth of a degree. The response time of a boa constrictor in a thermal variation of a fraction of a degree is 35 milliseconds. The beak of the pheasant and turkey Australian bush is sensitive to a temperature change of one degree centigrade.
24 All these cases where people have copied from the animals bring to mind the suggestion made by the Bible in these terms: "For ask now the beasts, why do you teach them, the birds of heaven, that you inform, or reptiles of earth, because you instruct, or fish of the sea because the Facciani you know. " - Job 12:7, 8, CEI.
0 comments:
Post a Comment