"many instincts are so wonderful that their development may appear to the reader a difficulty sufficient to completely demolish my theory," Darwin wrote. Evidently he did not think you could solve the problem of instinct, as soon as he said: "I must start by saying that I do not pretend you want to search for the origin of mental faculties, more than it has to seek the origin of life same ".1
2 Today, scientists are not able to explain the instinct more than it was Darwin. An evolutionist says: "The truth is that there is no reason to believe that the genetic mechanism can transmit specific patterns of behavior. . . . When we ask how we were able to develop a behavioral model primarily instinctive and how that could become hereditary, we have no answer "
.2 3 However, unlike many evolutionists and Darwin, a well-known book on the birds do not hesitate to explain that one of the most mysterious instincts, that of migration: "There is no doubt that the phenomenon has undergone some changes: the birds originating in hot climates is likely to spread in search of food" .3
4 can explain such a simplistic answer the extraordinary undertakings of many migratory birds? Scholars know that any such travel and exploration learned behaviors are not embedded in the genetic code, they are not inherited by offspring. It is recognized that the ability to migrate is instinctive and "independent of past experience" .4 Let's see some examples.
amazing feat of migratory birds
5 With regard to the distance traveled, the record is for the Arctic terns. Nest to the north of the Arctic Circle, but at the end of the summer fly south to spend the summer on the Antarctic pack ice near the South Pole before heading to return to the Arctic north, can circumnavigate the entire Antarctic continent. Their migration It thus affects the 35,000 annual miles. Both polar regions are rich in food, so that a scientist asks, "How did they discover the existence of food sources so far apart?" 5 The evolution does not explain it.
6 Equally inexplicable for the evolution and migration of Dendroica striata. This bird only weighs about twenty grams. Yet in the autumn leaves Alaska to reach the east coast of Canada or New England, where he eats plenty, fat accumulates, and then expect a cold front. When this arrives, the bird takes flight. Although its destination is South America, initially making his way to Africa. Then, on the Atlantic, about 6,000 meters above sea level, crosses a prevailing wind that will transport in South America
7 How does this bird know that must wait for the cold front and it mean beautiful time and tail wind? Who told him to climb higher and higher, where the air is cold and thin, and where the oxygen is reduced by 50 percent? How do you know that only at that crosses a headwind that will transport in South America? Who says he has to go to Africa to harness the power of this southwest wind? The bird is not conscious of it. In this flight of about 3,800 miles on the sea without landmarks, a journey lasting three or four days and nights, is guided purely by instinct.
8 The white stork spends the summer in Europe, but faces a journey of nearly 13,000 km to go to winter in Southern Africa. The golden plover leaves the Arctic tundra to go to the pampas of Argentina. Some sandpiper migrates 1,600 km over the pampas, the southernmost tip of South America. Some curlews (Phaeopus Tahitian) fly from Alaska to Tahiti and other islands, covering over 9,500 km of the ocean. In a much shorter flight, but also remarkable given its size, the red-throated hummingbird, which weighs less than three grams, cross the Gulf of Mexico in a migration of about 950 kilometers, the tiny wings beating at a frequency of 75 times per second for 25 hours more than six million times without a break!
9 In many cases, young birds have to migrate without the assistance of adults. Young cuckoos of the New Zealand reached by a journey of nearly 6,500 km of the Pacific Islands, where he reunited with parents who had gone before them. The puffins and shearwaters migrate minors from Wales to Brazil, leaving behind the small, their successors will soon be able to fly. One of these birds has made the journey in 16 days, with an average of 736 miles a day. A Puffin was brought from Wales to Boston, well outside of its normal migration route. Yet he came home in Wales - more than 5,000 kilometers away - in 12 days and a half. Pigeons, brought to 1,000 miles away in every direction, they returned to their lofts in a day.
10 A final example is that birds do not fly, but that walk and swim: the Adelie penguins. Led to more than 1,900 miles away from their settlements and let loose, they immediately focused, going in a straight line rather than to the colony of origin, but toward the open sea and the food. They then returned by sea to the colony to which they belong. They spend the winter, almost completely dark, at sea. How do penguins not to lose orientation during the darkness of winter? Nobody knows.
11 How can birds do these shipping companies? From experiments, it is considered that make use of the sun and stars. Apparently, they have internal clocks that compensate for the movement of these heavenly bodies. But as they do when the sky is covered? At least some birds are fitted with built-in magnetic compasses for use in such cases. The indication of a compass, however, is not enough. They must be wearing a "map", on specifying the starting point and destination. The map must also carry the route, which often consists of a straight line. All this would be useless if they do not know, however, locate on the map where you are! The Puffin released in Boston had to know where he was to determine in which direction it was Wales. The pigeons, in order to find their way home, they first had to know where they were.
12 In the Middle Ages many doubted that birds make extensive migrations, while the Bible spoke of it already in the sixth century BCE: "The stork in the sky knows her seasons, the turtledove, swallow and the crane know the time of their migration" . Up to today have learned many things, but many others remain a mystery. Whether we admit it or not, these words of the Bible are true: "[God] has also entered into the heart of man the idea of \u200b\u200beternity without that man can discover what God has done from beginning to end ". - Jeremiah 8:7, Ecclesiastes 3:11, Mariani.
Other animals that know how to orientate oneself
13 In winter, the caribou of Alaska migrate south along nearly 1,300 miles. Many whales, starting from the Arctic Ocean, they walk to and fro about 10,000 kilometers. Some seals range from the Pribilof Islands, Southern California, 4,800 kilometers away. The tortoise does the free shuttle between the coast of Brazil and the tiny island of Ascension, about 2,250 km away in the Atlantic. Some crabs migrate to almost 250 kilometers on the seabed. The salmon leave the river where he was born and spent several years at sea, after which it goes through the hundreds of miles that separate him from the place of origin and return in the same river. Young eels born in the Atlantic, the Sargasso Sea, spend most of their lives in fresh water in Europe and the United States, but returned to multiply in the Sargasso Sea. 14
Some butterflies of the genus Danaus leave Canada in the fall, and many of them go to spend the winter in California or Mexico. Some paths exceeding 3000 km, a butterfly traveled 128 kilometers in one day. Rest on the shady trees, on the same woods, even on the same trees from year to year. But butterflies are not the same! On the return trip in the spring, lay their eggs on plants that secrete latex. New butterflies that are born will continue the migration north, following autumn make the same journey of 3,000 kilometers made by their parents, and as a cloak covering the same grove. The book The Story of Pollination observes: "The butterflies that depart for the south in autumn are young people who have never seen wintering sites. What enables them to find them is still one of the most dense mysteries of Nature ".6
15 The instinctive wisdom is not limited to migration. A brief review is sufficient to prove it.
What enables millions of blind termites to synchronize their work to build their housing estates and provide them with air conditioning? Instinct. How does the
Pronuba yuccasella, a small moth, to know what are the various steps needed to pollinate the flower of yucca, a procedure that allows playback of both plants of the moth? Instinct.
How does a spider that lives underwater in a "diving bell" to know that when oxygen is necessary to complete a hole in the diving bell, let out the stale air and bring down another provision of fresh air? Instinct.
How does the beetle known as "engraver of mimosa" I know that must lay their eggs under the bark of a branch, go back a foot to the trunk and cut the bark all around to kill the industry in view of that its eggs hatch only in dead wood? Instinct.
How does a baby kangaroo, only an inch long, blind and immature, you know that to survive he has to climb up on her own mother's abdomen for the hair, slip into a pouch and attach to the nipples? Instinct.
How does a bee to communicate mediante una danza alle altre api dove si trova il nettare, in che quantità, a che distanza, in che direzione e su quale tipo di fiori? Istinto.
16 Con queste domande si potrebbe riempire un libro, ma la risposta sarebbe sempre la stessa: Queste creature “sono istintivamente sagge”. (Proverbi 30:24) “Come ha potuto”, chiede uno studioso, “una conoscenza istintiva così complessa svilupparsi e trasmettersi alle generazioni successive?”7 L’uomo non sa spiegarlo. All’evoluzione non lo si può attribuire. Ma questa intelligenza presuppone una fonte intelligente. Questa saggezza presuppone una mente saggia, un Creatore intelligente e sapiente.
17 Nondimeno, many who believe in evolution a priori reject all these claims in favor of creating, judging from the scientific point of view irrelevant. But do not let that stop you from this narrow-minded examination of the facts. Examine other information in the next chapter.
construction of nests and instinct
"There is the slightest indication," says the science writer G. R. Taylor about the genetic mechanism, "it could send any specific behavioral program, such as the number of operations required to build a nest." Nevertheless, in the instinctive wisdom needed to build a nest is actually transmitted, not taught. Let's see some examples.
Hornbills of Africa and Asia. The female of these birds in the mud walls of the hollow of a tree barely able to enter. The male brings the female of the other mud with which closes the hole leaving only a small slit through which the male feeds her and the children when they are born. When the male is unable to procure sufficient food, the female breaks the wall and free. This time the opening is protected from the little ones to whom both parents carry the food. Several weeks after the little break down the wall and left the nest. By the way, is not a sign of intelligent design because che, mentre è confinata nel nido e non può volare, la femmina muti il piumaggio, dotandosi di un nuovo guardaroba?
Salangane e rondoni. Le salangane costruiscono il nido con la saliva. Prima che inizi il periodo degli amori, le loro ghiandole salivarie si gonfiano e secernono una sostanza viscosa. Quando giunge il tempo, la saggezza istintiva dice loro cosa farne. La spalmano su una superficie rocciosa e vi aggiungono altri strati man mano che si solidifica, portando così a termine un nido a forma di coppa. Il rondone delle palme costruisce nidi non più grandi di un cucchiaino, li incolla alle foglie di palma e poi incolla le uova nel nido.
I pinguini imperatori sono dotati di un nido “incorporato”. Durante the Antarctic winter, the female lays an egg and goes fishing for two or three months. The male puts the egg on its feet, richly vascularized, and covers it with a special fold of skin on her abdomen. The mother, however, do not forget the companion and the child. Shortly after the hatching of the egg, it comes back with a full stomach and regurgitates food for them. At this point, the male goes fishing and gets back into strength, while the mother holds the baby in their nest "built."
The weavers of Africa build a nest hanging weaving blades of grass and other fibers. Instinct to perform various types of textures and nodes. A weaver, the sparrow Republican costruisce una specie di condominio, fabbricando su rami robusti un tetto di paglia del diametro di 4 metri e mezzo, sotto il quale diverse coppie appendono il loro nido. Vengono aggiunti altri nidi, così che infine sotto uno stesso tetto se ne possono trovare più di un centinaio.
L’uccello sarto dell’Asia meridionale fabbrica un filo con cotone o fibre vegetali e tela di ragno, unendo insieme piccoli pezzi per farne di più lunghi. Col becco pratica dei fori nel margine di una grande foglia. Poi, servendosi del becco come di un ago, cuce col filo le due estremità della foglia, così come si infila un laccio delle scarpe. Quando il filo finisce, o lo annoda per fermarlo o vi attacca un altro pezzo di filo e continua sewing. So the tailor bird turns the leaves in a bag in which nests.
The pendulum makes a pendulous nest that looks like felt, because it uses vegetable fibers and fluffy grass. The mesh structure of the nest is basically obtained by weaving long vegetable fibers, the ends of which the bird sticks his beak. She then shorter fibers, fluffy, and slips into the tissue, a process that dell'annodatura that the technique used by manufacturers of oriental rugs. The robustness of these nests is that some use them as handbags or slippers for children.
crested coots usually nest on small islets. However, in the place where vivono, questi isolotti sono molto rari. Allora le folaghe se li costruiscono da sole! Scelgono nell’acqua il posto adatto e cominciano a trasportarvi sassi col becco. Li ammucchiano nell’acqua, profonda 60-90 centimetri, fino a formare un isolotto la cui base può avere un diametro di ben quattro metri, mentre il mucchio di sassi può arrivare a pesare più di una tonnellata. Su questo isolotto di sassi le folaghe costruiscono quindi il nido.
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